Kidney, which separates (and removes) excess toxins and water from the blood, placing them in the urine. Many diseases that affect the kidneys are systemic disorders that are not just restricted to the organ itself and may require special treatment.

Nephrology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of kidney conditions, such as electrolyte disturbances and hypertension, as well as the treatment of those who need renal replacement therapy, such as dialysis and renal transplant patients. The major (excretory) function of the kidney is replaced by dialysis, which separates (and eliminates) excess water and toxins from the blood and placing them in the urine.

Thus, the medical branch that concerns the study of the kidneys, specifically normal kidney function also known as renal physiology and kidney disease known as renal pathophysiology, the maintenance of kidney health, and the treatment of kidney illnesses, from diet and medication to renal replacement